Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. Mining method selection by integrated ahp and promethee method. Its the only underground mining method that can reach similar production rates to surface mining operations, up to over 100,000 tonnes per day. Sep 16, 2019 surface mining, including strip mining, openpit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit the overburden are removed. Team lead minex, india slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Nov 02, 2011 underground mining, underground mining methods. In this selection some of the parameters such as geological and geotechnical properties, economic parameters and geographical factors are involved. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. However, the mining method selection cannot be solely based on these criteria.
Underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. Unesco eolss sample chapters civil engineering vol. This dissertation addresses three areas of direct relevance to longwall pillar design. Thanks in large part to the efforts by john chadwick of the mining journal, and many other members of the mining community, the hard rock miners handbook has been distributed to over 1 countries worldwide. Ataei synopsis mining method selection is the first and most important problem in mine design.
Mining method selection by multiple criteria decision making tools by m. The details of the procedure, layout, and equip ment used in the mine distinguish the mining method. Pdf mining methods underground mining mayra garcia. Mining methods in underground mining second edition 2007. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. This book describes mining methods for the surface and underground mineral deposits. In any discussion of methods of underground mining comparison, one is repeatedly confronted with the difficulty of dealing with so many variable conditions. Underground mining systems mine 205 yi luo page 3 of 3 students are exposed to the scientific concepts, problem formulation approaches, mathematical tools, solution techniques and applicable computer software involved in designing many components of the underground mining systems. Mining method selection by multiple criteria decision. A group of mining specialists such as peele3, boshkov and wright4, morrison5, hartman6 and agoshkov7 suggested a series of approaches for selecting a suitable mining method. A new model for mining method t selection of mineral. The mining rate includes the mining of both waste and ore. Underground mining fact sheet ohio department of natural resources division of mineral resources management dmrm minerals. A manual of underground surveying civil engineering.
This project was completed mainly through the use of questionnaire sent to subcontractors in almost each country of the eu. The article refers to methane presented in hard coal seams, which may pose a serious risk to workers, as evidenced by examples of incidents, and may also be a high energy source. Modifying the mining method and introducing new, more powerful machines are actions that should raise the efficiency of work procedures. Safe working conditions, ore excavation efficiency and ore dilution are also important characteristics of a selected mining method, which. After the ore body has been delineated and defined, a company may make several feasibility studies to determine the best way to mine the ore. The test case related to a small part of a new colliery for which the shafts have not as yet been sunk, to assess the financial effects of mining the area using a small face machinery, b large face machinery, and c an alternative method of mining. Soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as. This is the safest way to mine coal and shale as it requires no blasting in a potentially explosive environment.
The methods are generalized and focus on typical applications from different mining areas around the world, keeping in mind, however, that every mineral deposit, with its geology, grade, shape, and volume, is unique. Engineering fundamentals and international case studies hustrulid, william a. Block caving is essentially the underground version of openpit mining. Bahuguna, dheeraj kumar, sunil kumar associate professor, sr. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st. The revenue from the sale of the ore keeps the venture going and finances further development. The primary objective of underground mining is to extract ore safely and economically while minimizing handling of waste rock. Geotechnical considerations in underground miningdepartment of industry and resources guideline document no zme723qt 1. Dec 05, 2008 plotmaker mining methods blackout day presentation 5 th december 2008 venkat m. Mine planning the southern african institute of mining and. Yamatomi encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. The theme is mining in adverse conditions using stateoftheart technology. In an underground mining method called stoping or block caving, sections or.
Definition of longwall mining a high extraction method of mining along the face of a predefined block of coal, referred to as a panel, while allowing the immediate roof to collapse upon advancement panel configuration panels generally range in size from 500 to 1,000 feet in width and lengths exceeding two miles. Underground mining methods handbook hustrulid, william a. Underground mining techniques and risks geology for investors. Mining industry response to the book continues to be incredible. This group of studies was neither enough nor complete, as it is not possible to design a methodology that will automatically choose a mining method for the orebody studied. To assess this information and to extrapolate to the next twenty years, this approach has been reinforced using published. Jul 21, 2016 underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. The notice must indicate the type of mining method, whether or not planned subsidence will occur, and. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Underground mining fact sheet ohio department of natural resources division of mineral resources management dmrm. Okubo encyclopedia of life support systems eolss is essentially surfacebased. In combination, these factors allow us to determine an appropriate arrangement and sequence for.
It is not an exact science and in the choice of a method each varying factor has a certain weight, which, in many cases, experience alone can determine. Increasing mechanization has resulted in an increasing production in the amount of the fine coal. Chapter 11 mining technology the federal coal leasing amendments act of 1976 charged ota to assess the feasibility of the use of deepmining technology on. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization. Jan 27, 2014 the most common mining method is longwall mining which is largely automated using a selfadvancing coal shearer including hydraulic roof supports 150250m wide 1. Typically, underground mine has less environmental impact. Challenges in underground mine planning hyam rubinstein. Extra care would be required in the measurement of the horizontal angles due to the steeply inclined sights involved see chapter 5 and in. This dissertation proposes a new method for longwall pillar design, developed primarily from underground measurements.
This paper was first presented at project evaluation conference, adelaide, south australia on 89 march 2016. In tunnelling or mining operations it may be hot, wet, dark, cramped, dusty, dirty and dangerous, and usually most of these. Optimising underground mining strategies a m ebbels. Lecturer, senior technical assistant department of mining engineering, indian school of mines, dhanbad 826004 abstract although surveying techniques have always played a primary role in. Optimising underground mining strategies srk exploration. While god knows how these people manage with three. A new model for mining method t selection of mineral deposit.
Surface mining, including strip mining, openpit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit the overburden are removed. Mine planning the southern african institute of mining. Before mining begins, an ore pass is usually drilled from a lower to a higher elevation. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. The method involves undermining an ore body, then allowing it to collapse under its own weight. Plotmaker mining methods blackout day presentation 5 th december 2008 venkat m. In different parts of the world, people have their own style of eating such as chinese eat with chopsticks, indians eat with their hands, western people eat with spoon, fork and knife. It must be of highenoughgrade toallow of good triangula tion work, and not toosensitivefor rough usage. A wide range of problems facing mining engineers is discussed, namely. Both methods are well suited to extracting the relatively flat coalbeds or coal seams typical of. The essential problem in underground surveying is that of orientating the underground surveys to the.
Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. Strength of the hanging wall, footwall, and ore body. Economic value of the ore and grade distribution within the deposit. Okubo encyclopedia of life support systems eolss surface mining methods and equipment j.
Kiruna began its mining operations around 1900 using surface methods. Implementing a production schedule at lkabs kiruna mine 126 interfaces342,pp. Mining continues upwards towards the surface until the orebody is depleted. Underground surveying is quite different from surveying on the surface. With the passage of the surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977 congressional interest in the study of deep underground mining technology shifted.
Ramps inclined tunnels are excavated to connect the surface to the underground orebody. Mining method selection by integrated ahp and promethee. Sublevel stoping sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. In order to work the underground rock mass, infrastructure is required for access to work places, ore production, power supply, transport of. The choice of an underground mining method depends on a range of factors and these include. Peeface theauthorhastriediiithisworktomeettheoftenexpressed wishofstudents,teachers,andpracticingsurveyorsforabook givingthebestofamericanpractice. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Bam november 2012 hyam rubinstein with melbourne network group marcus brazil, peter grossman, david lee, doreen thomas nick wormald challenges in underground mine planning. The other underground mining method commonly used in the united states is the longwall mining method. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are. Chapter 11 mining technology the federal coal leasing amendments act of 1976 charged ota to assess the feasibility of the use of deep mining technology on leased areas.
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